Terorism

Terorismul reprezintă folosirea sistematică a terorii (impunerea unei stări de teamă), în special prin coerciţie.^[1] În prezent, nu există nicio definiţie a terorii acceptată la nivel internaţional.^[2][3] Definiţiile obişnuite ale terorii se referă doar la acele acte care (1) intenţionează să stârnească teama (teroarea), (2) sunt perpetuate în scop ideologic (opus scopului materialistic sau atacurilor singulare), şi (3) ţintesc în mod deliberat (sau nu îi interesează siguranţa) non-combatanţilor. Unele definiţii includ de asemenea acte de violenţă ilicită sau război.

O persoană care practică terorismul este un terorist. Actele de terorism sunt acte criminale în conformitate cu Rezoluţia Consiliului de Securitate al Naţiunilor Unite 1373 şi jurisprudenţa domestică a celor mai multe naţiuni.

Cuvântul "terorism" este încărcat de semnificaţii emoţionale şi politice,^[4] şi aceasta îngreunează foarte mult posibilitatea unei definiţii precise. Un studiu din 1988 al Armatei Statelor Unite a găsit peste 100 definiţii ale cuvântului "terorism".^[5] Conceptul de terorism este el însuşi controversat întrucât este folosit adesea de state pentru a deligitima oponenţii politici, şi a legitima astfel folosirea terorii de către propriul stat împotriva oponenţilor săi. O descriere mai neutră a teroristului, cu mai puţine conotaţii emoţionale, ar fi cea de Actor Violent Non-Statal (Violent Non-State Actor, VNSA).

Prezenţa actorilor non-statali în conflictele armate din toată lumea a dus la controverse privind aplicarea legilor războiului.

Istoria organizaţiilor teroriste sugerează că ele nu practică terorismul pentru eficientizarea politică.^[6] Teroriştii individuali tind să fie motivaţi mai mult de o dorinţă de solidaritate socială cu alţi membri ai organizaţiei decât cu platformele politice sau obiectivele strategice, care sunt adesea întunecate şi nedefinite.^[6]

Terorismul a fost practicat pe o arie largă de organizaţii politice pentru atingerea obiectivelor lor. El s-a practicat atât de aripi de stânga cât şi de dreapta ale unor partide politice, grupări naţionaliste, religioase, revoluţionare, şi guverne în funcţiune.^[7]

Biografie

• Bockstette, Carsten: "Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques" George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies Occasional Paper Series, Volume 20, Dezember 2008, ISSN 1863-6039, pp. 1-28
• Christian Buder, "Die Todesstrafe, Tabu und Terror", VDM-Verlag, Saarbrücken, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8364-5163-5
• Köchler, Hans (ed.), Terrorism and National Liberation. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism. Frankfurt a. M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-8204-1217-4
• Köchler, Hans. Manila Lectures 2002. Terrorism and the Quest for a Just World Order. Quezon City (Manila): FSJ Book World, 2002, ISBN 0-9710791-2-9
• Laqueur, Walter. No End to War - Terrorism in the 21st century, New York, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1435-4
• Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds. Terrorism : essential primary sources. Thomson Gale, 2006. ISBN 9781414406213 Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms LC Control Number: 2005024002.
• Lewis, Jeff, Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence, Pluto Books, London, 2005.
• Lieberman, David M. Sorting the revolutionary from the terrorist: The delicate application of the "Political Offense" exception in U.S. extradition case, Stanford Law Review, Volume 59, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 181-211
• Sunga, Lyal S., US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) (2002) 242-264.
• Arno Tausch 'Against Islamophobia. Quantitative analyses of global terrorism, world political cycles and center periphery structures' Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers (for info: https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/), 2007
• Sean K. Anderson and Stephen Sloan. Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, Second Edition. Scarecrow 2002. I
• Charles Tilly, Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists in Sociological Theory (2004) 22, 5-13 online

Convenţii ONU

• United Nations:Conventions on Terrorism
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: "Conventions against terrorism". Archived from the original on 2007-08-05.

Situri de monitorizare a ştirilor specializate pe articole despre terorism

• Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of terrorism, insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
• A reliable and daily updated Open Sources Center that includes a "Terrorism" section. by ISRIA.
• Diplomacy Monitor - Terrorism
• Jihad Monitor
• Combating Terrorism Center at Westpoint

Documente şi articole despre terorismul global

• "Al Qaeda Today: The New Face of the Global Jihad," by Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, January 2005. Former CIA caseworker Dr. Marc Sageman explains how Al Qaeda has evolved from an operational organization into a larger social movement, and the implications for U.S. counterterror efforts.
• Bockstette, Carsten: "Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques" George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies Occasional Paper Series, Volume 20, Dezember 2008, ISSN 1863-6039, pp. 1-28
• Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Winter 2002/03), pp. 30-58.
• "European Union’s Security With Regard to the International Situation After September 2001". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. - Special Report on Terrorism in the European Union on 'Analyzing EU'
• Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil Wars (2004) in Journal of Ethics 8:1, 97-138.
• Prof. Troy Duster "From Theatre of War to Terrorism"
• Syed Ubaidur Rahman "Thousands of Muslims gather to denounce terrorism"
• Hans Köchler, The United Nations, the International Rule of Law and Terrorism. Supreme Court of the Philippines, Centenary Lecture (2002)
• Hans Köchler, The United Nations and International Terrorism. Challenges to Collective Security (2002)
• GTD, successor to the Terrorism Knowledge Base
• Global War on Terrorism / Strategic Studies Institute
• Terrorism Research Center - Terrorism research site started in 1996.
• Terror Finance Blog - Multi-expert website dealing with terrorism finance issues.
• Terrorism Research - International Terrorism and Security Research
• Scale invariance in global terrorism
• Security News Line: Global Terrorism and Counter-terrorism www.debriefed.org
• The Evolution of Terrorism in 2005. A statistical assessment An article by Rik Coolsaet and Teun Van de Voorde, University of Ghent
• Terrorism/Anti-terrorism - An analysis on the causes and uses of terrorism
• "Al Qaeda's New Front," PBS "Frontline" January 2005. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the locus of the investigation quickly shifted to Europe and the network of radical Islamic jihadis who are part of "Eurabia," the continent's expanding Muslim communities. Since 9/11 America has been spared what authorities feared and expected: a second wave of attacks. Instead Europe, once a logistical base for Islamic radicals and a safe haven, has itself become the target.
• Teaching Terrorism and Counterterrorism with lesson plans, bibliographies, resources; from US Military Academy
• Germany's contribution to the fight against global terrorism
• Quantitative World System Studies Contradict Current Islamophobia: World Political Cycles, Global Terrorism, and World Development. Arno Tausch, Innsbruck University - Faculty of Political Science and Sociology - Department of Political Science, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 1 & 2, Spring-Summer 2007, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=976864
• The Intelligence & Terrorism Information Center

Documente şi articole despre terorism şi Statele Unite

• Library of Congress – Federal Research Division The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism. by Robert L. Worden, Ph.D.
• Leonard Peikoff on Terrorism This article was published in the New York Times on October 2, 2001.
• Ivan Arreguín-Toft, "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,"Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549-563.
• The Terrorism Index - Terrorism "scorecard" from Foreign Policy Magazine and the Center for American Progress
• The reality show: the Watch, the Fight
• Most Wanted Terrorists- Rewards for Justice
• Law, Terrorism and Homeland Security. A collection of articles.
• "The Security Constitution," UCLA Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 29, 2005
• The Enemy Within, PBS Frontline October 2006
• "The Man Turned Away" by Charlotte Buchen and Marlena Telvick, PBS Frontline, October 2006.^[67] To his family in Jordan, Raed Mansour al-Banna was a beloved son who wanted to make it in America. To his American friends, he was a sweet guy with a charming smile who loved to party. To the families of the 166 people he killed in Hilla, Iraq, he was a murderer.

Documente şi articole despre terorism şi Israel

• Ariel Merari, "Terrorism as a Strategy in Insurgency," Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 213-251.
• Israel Global Terror desk
• Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
• Moshe Yaalon, Iran, Hizbullah, Hamas and the Global Jihad: A New Conflict Paradigm for the West January 2007

Alte

• Video: Dr Adam Dolnik: What makes a terrorist? A Lowy Institute lecture on SlowTV, August 2008
• About the Qassam-sderot media center
• Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Development and Terrorism from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars by John Richardson
• Ontologies of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism
• The Supreme Court of India adopted Alex P. Schmid's definition of terrorism in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes."
• Jack Goody What is a terrorist? Published in: journal History and Anthropology, Volume 13, Issue 2 2002 , pages 139 - 142 DOI: 10.1080/0275720022000001219
• Schmid and Jongman (1988): "Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-)clandestine individual, group, or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons, whereby — in contrast to assassination — the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are use to manipulate the main target (audience(s), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought".
• Staff. U.S. Terrorism in the Americas an Encyclopedia "on violence promoted, supported and carried out by both the U.S. government and its servants in Latin America

Note

1. ^ "Terrorism". Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. 1795.
2. ^ Angus Martyn, The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002
3. ^ Thalif Deen. Politics: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism, Inter Press Service, 25 July 2005
4. ^ Hoffman, Bruce "Inside Terrorism" Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0-231-11468-0. Page 32. See review in The New York TimesInside Terrorism
5. ^ Dr. Jeffrey Record, Bounding the Global War on Terrorism(PDF)
6. ^ Abrahms, Max (March 2008). "What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism Strategy" (PDF 1933 KB). International Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) 32 (4): 86–89. ISSN 0162-2889.
7. ^ "Terrorism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3.

(Traducere şi adaptare din Wikipedia sub licenţa GNU)

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