Pseudoştiinţa

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Pseudoştiinţa este o metodologie, credinţă sau practică, considerată de susţinătorii ei drept ştiinţifică, sau care pare a fi ştiinţifică dar nu aderă la o metodologie ştiinţifică adecvată,[1][2][3][4] lipsindu-i susţinerea prin evidenţă sau caracterul plauzibil,[5] sau statutul ştiinţific confirmat.[6] Termenul s-a format din prefixul grec pseudo- (fals, sau care se pretinde a fi) şi ştiinţa (din latinescul scientia, însemnând "cunoaştere"). Cea mai veche utilizare a acestei denumiri se consideră ca aparţinând fiziologului francez François Magendie,[7] care este considerat unul din pionierii fiziologiei experimentale.

Termenul este folosit în sens peiorativ, pentru a desemna o încadrare inadecvată sau înşelătoare ca ştiinţă.[8][9] Corespunzător, cei care practică sau susţin o "pseudoştiinţă" sunt caracterizaţi prin aceiaşi termeni.[8] Există o divergenţă între filozofii ştiinţei şi unii membri ai comunităţii ştiinţifice referitor la posibilitatea unei distincţii obiective între "pseudoştiinţă" şi "ştiinţă".[10]

Profesorul Paul DeHart Hurd[11] consideră că o mare parte din licenţiaţii în ştiinţă "sunt în stare să distingă între ştiinţă şi diferitele pseudoştiinţe precum astrologia, şarlatania, ocultismul, sau superstiţia".[12] După cum se spune în diferite cursuri despre introducerea în ştiinţe, pseudoştiinţa este oricare subiect care pare a fi ştiinţific la prima vedere, sau ai cărui susţinători susţin că este ştiinţific, dar care contravine condiţiilor de testare sau deviază mult de la alte aspecte fundamentale ale metodelor ştiinţifice.[3][13][14][15][16][17] Fundaţia Naţională pentru Ştiinţă a SUA, în raportul său "Credinţa în pseudoştiinţă", ia în considerare zece exemple de credinţe paranormale[18] connsiderate ca fiind pseudoştiinţifice:[18] percepţia extrasenzorială (ESP), casele bântuite, fantomele, telepatia, clarviziunea, astrologia, comunicarea mentală cu morţii, vrăjitoarele, reîncarnarea, şi spiritismul.[18]

Pseudoştiinţa este caracterizată de folosirea unor afirmaţii vagi, exagerate sau care nu se pot testa, supralicitarea confirmării în detrimentul argumentării, lipsa transparenţei pentru teste realizate de alţi experţi, şi o stagnare în dezvoltarea teoriei.

Bibliografie

  • Bauer Henry H (2000). Science or Pseudoscience: Magnetic Healing, Psychic Phenomena, and Other Heterodoxies. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252026010. 
  • Charpak Georges (2004). Debunked. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801878675. 
  • Derksen AA (1993). "The seven sins of pseudo-science". J Gen Phil Sci 24: 17–42.
  • Derksen AA (2001). "The seven strategies of the sophisticated pseudo-scientist: a look into Freud's rhetorical toolbox". J Gen Phil Sci 32: 329–350. doi:10.1023/A:1013100717113. 
  • Gardner M (1990). Science – Good, Bad and Bogus. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879755733. 
  • Gardner M (1957). Fads and fallacies in the name of science. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486203948. 
  • Hansson SO (1996). "Defining pseudoscience". Philosophia naturalis 33: 169–176. 
  • Martin M (1994). "Pseudoscience, the paranormal, and science education". Science & Education 3: 1573–901. doi:10.1007/BF00488452.
  • Schadewald Robert J (2008). Worlds of Their Own - A Brief History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4363-0435-1. 
  • Shermer M, Gould SJ (2002). Why People Believe Weird Things – Pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time. New York: Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0805070893. 
  • Wilson F (2000). The Logic and Methodology of Science and Pseudoscience. Canadian Scholars Press. ISBN 155130175X. 
  • Pratkanis, Anthony R. (July/August 1995). "How to Sell a Pseudoscience". Skeptical Inquirer 19 (4): 19–25.

Referinţe


  1. ^ "Pseudoscientific - pretending to be scientific, falsely represented as being scientific", from the Oxford American Dictionary, published by the Oxford English Dictionary.
  2. ^ Hansson, Sven Ove (1996). “Defining Pseudoscience”, Philosophia Naturalis, 33: 169–176, cited in "Science and Pseudo-science" (2008) in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Stanford article states: "Many writers on pseudoscience have emphasized that pseudoscience is non-science posing as science. The foremost modern classic on the subject (Gardner 1957) bears the title Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. According to Brian Baigrie (1988, 438), “[w]hat is objectionable about these beliefs is that they masquerade as genuinely scientific ones.” These and many other authors assume that to be pseudoscientific, an activity or a teaching has to satisfy the following two criteria (Hansson 1996): (1) it is not scientific, and (2) its major proponents try to create the impression that it is scientific."
  3. ^ a b For example, Hewitt et al. Conceptual Physical Science Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 18, 2003) ISBN 0-321-05173-4, Bennett et al. The Cosmic Perspective 3e Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 25, 2003) ISBN 0-8053-8738-2
  4. ^ See also, e.g., Gauch HG Jr. Scientific Method in Practice (2003)
  5. ^ The National Science Foundation adopts the definition of (Shermer, 1997): "claims presented so that they appear [to be] scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility" (Shermer 1997, p. 33). In contrast, science is "a set of methods designed to describe and interpret observed and inferred phenomena, past or present, and aimed at building a testable body of knowledge open to rejection or confirmation" (Shermer 1997, p. 17). Shermer M. (1997). Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.  cited by National Science Foundation (official report) (2006). "Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". Science and engineering indicators 2006.
  6. ^ "A pretended or spurious science; a collection of related beliefs about the world mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method or as having the status that scientific truths now have.", from the Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition 1989.
  7. ^ a b Magendie, F (1843) An Elementary Treatise on Human Physiology. 5th Ed. Tr. John Revere. New York: Harper, p 150. Magendie refers to phrenology as "a pseudo-science of the present day" (note the hyphen).
  8. ^ a b "Science and Pseudoscience" in. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  9. ^ Laudan, Larry (1983). “The demise of the demarcation problem”, in R.S. Cohan and L. Laudan (eds.), Physics, Philosophy, and Psychoanalysis, pp. 111–127.
  10. ^ The philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend in particular is associated with the view that attempts to distinguish science from non-science are flawed and pernicious. "The idea that science can, and should, be run according to fixed and universal rules, is both unrealistic and pernicious. ... the idea is detrimental to science, for it neglects the complex physical and historical conditions which influence scientific change. It makes our science less adaptable and more dogmatic:"[1]
  11. ^ Memorial Resolution: Paul DeHart Hurd. [2] retrieved 8 April 2009
  12. ^ Hurd, P. D. (1998). "Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world". Science Education, 82, 407–416.. Abstract online
  13. ^ For example, a course is offered at the University of Maryland entitled "Science & Pseudoscience" [3]
  14. ^ Pseudoscience, Scientism, and Science: A Short Course
  15. ^ The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources
  16. ^ HON 120 Natural Sciences and Society Spring 2006 Dr
  17. ^ What is science? What is pseudoscience?
  18. ^ a b c Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, National Science Board, National Science Foundation. Belief in Pseudoscience. See Note 29 for the list of 10 items.

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Acest articol conţine materiale traduse şi adaptate din Wikipedia de Nicolae Sfetcu sub licenţă gratuită GNU.

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