Parapsihologia

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Cărţi ZenerCercetările parapsihologice timpurii foloseau cărţile Zener în experimente pentru a testa existenţa comunicării telepatice.

Parapsihologia este disciplina care investighează existenţa şi cauzele abilităţilor psihice, experienţele din apropierea morţii, şi viaţa de după moarte, folosind metode ştiinţifice.[1] Experimentele parapsihologice includ folosirea generatoarelor de numere aleatorii pentru a testa existenţa precogniţiei şi a telekineziei atât la oameni cât şi la animale[2][3][4] şi experimente Ganzfeld pentru a testa percepţia extrasenzorială.[5]

Laboratoarele parapsihologice şi cercetările sunt conduse în instituţii private şi mai multe universităţi.[6] Unităţile cu fonsuri private din departamentele de psihologie ale universităţilor din Marea Britanie sunt printre cele mai active în prezent.[7] În Statele Unite, interesul în aceste cercetări a fost maxim în anii 1970 după care cercetările în universităţi au intrat în declin, deşi instituţiile private primesc în continuare fonduri considerabile din donaţii.[8] Deşi cercetările parapsihologice au apărut doar ocazional în jurnalele academice principale,[9][10][11][12] multe din cercetările recente sunt publicate în câteva jurnale de nişă,[13] precum Journal of Parapsychology, Journal of Near-Death Studies, Journal of Consciousness Studies şi Journal of Scientific Exploration.

Parapsihologii descriu parapsihologia ca o ştiinţă emergentă,[14][15][16] dar statutul de ştiinţă al parapsihologiei este disputat.[17] Rezultatele experimentelor parapsihologice sunt considerate de Asociaţia Parapsihologică ca demonstrând existenţa unor forme de abilităţi psihice,[18] dar criticii spun că succesele experimentale aparente se datorează viciilor de procedură metodologică.[19] Oamenii de ştiinţă şi scepticii au criticat parapsihologia ca fiind o pseudoştiinţă întrucât, după cum se poate constata, parapsihologii continuă investigaţiile deşi nu au demonstrat evidenţa convingătoare a abilităţilor psihice timp de peste un secol de cercetări.[20][21][22]

Terminologie

Termenul parapsihologie a fost inventat în jurul anului 1889 de filozoful Max Dessoir. El a fost adoptat de J.B. Rhine în anii 1930 pentru a înlocui termenul cercetare psihică pentru a indica o deplasare semnificativă spre metodologia experimentală şi disciplina academică.[23] Termenul îşi are originea în cuvântul grec παρά para însemnând "pe lângă", şi psihologie.

Note

  1. ^ a b Alcock, James E.; Jahn, Robert G. (2003). "Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance" (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (6-7): 29–50.
  2. ^ Schmidt, Helmut (1969). "Clairvoyance Tests with a Machine'". Journal of Parapsychology 33. 
  3. ^ Schmidt, Helmut (1970). "PK Experiments with Animals as Subjects". Journal of Parapsychology 34. 
  4. ^ Schmidt, Helmut (1973). "PK Tests with a High Speed Random Number Generator'". Journal of Parapsychology 37. 
  5. ^ a b c Hyman, Ray (1985). "The Ganzfeld Psi Experiments: A Critical Appraisal". Journal of Parapsychology 49. 
  6. ^ "Koestler Parapsychology Unit". University of Edinburgh.
  7. ^ (Odling-Smee 2007) "[Outside the US] the field is livelier. Britain is a lead player, with privately funded labs at the universities of Edinburgh, Northampton and Liverpool Hope, among others."
  8. ^ (Odling-Smee 2007) "The status of paranormal research in the United States is now at an all-time low, after a relative surge of interest in the 1970s. Money continues to pour from philanthropic sources to private institutions, but any chance of credibility depends on ties with universities, and only a trickle of research now persists in university labs."
  9. ^ a b Storm, Tressoldi, Di Risio (July 2010). "Meta-Analysis of Free-Response Studies, 1992–2008: Assessing the Noise Reduction Model in Parapsychology". Psychological Bulletin 138 (4): 471–485.
  10. ^ a b Bem, Daryl J.; Honorton, Charles (1995). "Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin 115 (1): 4–18. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.4.
  11. ^ a b c Dunne, Brenda J.; Jahn, Robert G. (1985). "On the quantum mechanics of consciousness, with application to anomalous phenomena". Foundations of Physics 16 (8): 721–772. doi:10.1007/BF00735378.
  12. ^ a b c Schmidt, S.; Schneider, R.; Utts, J.; Walach, H. (2004). "Distant intentionality and the feeling of being stared at: two meta-analyses". British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) 95 (Pt 2): 235–47. doi:10.1348/000712604773952449. PMID 15142304. 
  13. ^ (Odling-Smee 2007) "But parapsychologists are still limited to publishing in a small number of niche journals."
  14. ^ a b c Parapsychology: An Exchange The New York Review of Books, December 18, 1980.
  15. ^ a b J. B. Rhine and J. G. Pratt (1957). Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
  16. ^ a b The Stepchildren of Science: Psychical Research and Parapsychology in Germany, c. 1870–1939 Journal of the History of Medicine, August 3, 2010.
  17. ^ Flew, Antony (1982). "Parapsychology: Science or Pseudoscience?". In Grim, Patrick. Philosophy of Science and the Occult. 
  18. ^ What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?, FAQ of the Parapsychological Association. Retrieved: 2009-01-07
  19. ^ Hyman, R.. "Parapsychological research: A tutorial review and critical appraisal".
  20. ^ a b Cordón, Luis A. (2005). Popular psychology: an encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 182. ISBN 0-313-32457-3. "The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal." 
  21. ^ Bunge, Mario (1991). "A skeptic's beliefs and disbeliefs". New Ideas in Psychology 9 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90017-G. 
  22. ^ Blitz, David (1991). "The line of demarcation between science and nonscience: The case of psychoanalysis and parapsychology". New Ideas in Psychology 9: 163–170. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(91)90020-M. 
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Melton, J. G. (1996). Parapsychology. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0810394872. 

Referinţe

Bibliografie

Linkuri

  • The Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.
  • Institute of Noetic Sciences A professional nonprofit organization that sponsors research in parapsychology, which takes a highly scientific and unbiased approach to researching parapsychology.
  • Parapsychological Association An organization of scientists and scholars engaged in the study of psychic phenomena, affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1969.
  • Rhine Research Center A historical parapsychological research center featuring the first building ever made for experimental work in parapsychology. The Rhine Research Center is a hub for research and education in Parapsychology.
  • Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Organization formed in 1976 to promote scientific skepticism and encourage the critical investigation of paranormal claims and parapsychology.
  • James Randi Educational Foundation The James Randi Education Foundation(JREF) was founded to promote critical thinking in the areas of the supernatural and paranormal. The JREF has provided skeptical views in the area of parapsychology.
  • FindArticles.com Index Large number of articles about parapsychology, from publications such as the Journal of Parapsychology and the Skeptical Inquirer.
  • Parapsychology at the Open Directory Project

Acest articol conţine materiale traduse şi adaptate din Wikipedia de Nicolae Sfetcu sub licenţă gratuită GNU.

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