Acasă / 21 decembrie 2012, Apocalipsa, şi Calendarul Maya

21 decembrie 2012, Apocalipsa, şi Calendarul Maya

Primary tabs

Submitted by nicolae on Mie, 11/03/2010 - 21:00
Română
Ştiinţă: 
Ştiinţă
Tags: 
NASA
istoria
Apocalipsa
transformare
Calendarul Maya
21 decembrie 2012
gaură neagră
fenomenul 2012
cataclism
alinieri astronomice
formule numerologice
Nibiru
maxim solar
catastrofa
codicele Maya

Inscripţie din calendarul MayaO inscripţie datată din calendarul Maya pe termen lung

Fenomenul 2012 se referă la mai multe credinţe eshatologice conform cărora în 21 decembrie 2012[1][2][3] sa va întâmpla un cataclism sau o transformare care va încheia un ciclu de 5.125 ani din calendarul Maya pe termen lung. Au fost sugerate pentru această dată numeroase alinieri astronomice şi formule numerologice.

O interpretare a acestei tranziţii care se referă la o Nouă Eră consideră că în această perioadă Pământul şi locuitorii săi vor suferi o transformare pozitivă fizică şi spirituală, anul 2012 marcând începutul acestei noi ere.[4] Alte teorii sugerează că anul 2012 marchează sfârşitul lumii sau o catastrofă similară. Scenariile pentru sfârşitul lumii inlcud coliziunea Pământului cu o planetă "rătăcitoare" (denumită adesea "Nibiru"), sau cu o gaură neagră, sau apariţia următorului maxim solar.

Oamenii de ştiinţă din diverse discipline neagă ideea catastrofei în 2012. Principalii mayanişti spun că predicţiile privind iminenţa catastrofei nu se regăsesc în niciuna din codicele Maya, şi că ideea conform căreia calendarul pe termen lung se "termină" în 2012 deformează istoria Maya.[3][5] Maza modernă nu consideră data respectivî ca fiind semnificativă, iar sursele clasice referitor la acest subiect sunt insuficiente şi contradictorii, sugerând că nu a existat nicio înţelegere prealabilă între ei cu privire la semnificaţia datei.[6]

În plus, astronomii şi alţi oameni de ştiinţă au respins previziunile apocaliptice considerându-le de domeniul pseudoştiinţei, afirmând că evenimentele anticipate sunt contrazise de observaţiile astronomice simple.[7] NASA a comparat teama de anul 2012 cu cea a anului 2000 din perioada anilor 1990, sugerând că o analiză adecvată trebuie să excludă teama de dezastru.[7] Niciuna din alinierile sau formulele propuse nu a fost acceptată de curentul ştiinţific principal.

Note

  1. ^ a b Sitler 2006
  2. ^ a b c Defesche 2007
  3. ^ a b c G. Jeffrey MacDonald (March 27, 2007). "Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?". USA Today.
  4. ^ For a sample of views see discussion and interviews in New York Times Magazine article (Anastas 2007).
  5. ^ David Webster (September 25, 2007). "The Uses and Abuses of the Ancient Maya" (pdf). The Emergence of the Modern World Conference, Otzenhausen, Germany: Penn State University.
  6. ^ Aveni 2009, 32–33, 48–51
  7. ^ a b "2012: Beginning of the End or Why the World Won't End?". NASA.

References

  • Anastas, Benjamin (1 July 2007). "The Final Days" (reproduced online, at KSU). The New York Times Magazine (New York: The New York Times Company): Section 6, p.48.
  • Argüelles, José (1975). Transformative Vision (1st ed.). Shambhala. ISBN 0394730674. 
  • Argüelles, José (1987). The Mayan Factor: Path Beyond Technology. Inner Traditions/Bear and Company.. ISBN 0939680386. 
  • Aveni, Anthony; H. Hartung (2000). "Water, Mountain, Sky: The Evolution of Site Orientations in Southeastern Mesoamerica". In E. Quiñones Keber. Precious Greenstone Precious Feather. Lancaster, CA: Labyrinthos. 
  • Aveni, Anthony (2009). The End of Time: The Maya Mystery of 2012. Colorado: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0870819615. 
  • Barkun, Michael (2006). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Comparative studies in religion and society series, no. 15 (1st pbk print ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24812-0. OCLC 255948700. 
  • Boone, Elizabeth H. and Zelia Nuttall, eds. (1982). The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans, Containing an Account of Their Rites and Superstitions: An Anonymous Hispano-Mexican Manuscript Preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence, Italy (Reprint of 1903 edition with additional commentary). Berkeley.: University of California Press. 
  • Brown, Dan (2009). The Lost Symbol. New York: Doubleday Books. ISBN 978-0385504225. 
  • Carrasco, David (1990). Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovision and Ceremonial Centers. Religious traditions of the world [series]. San Francisco, California: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-061325-4. OCLC 20996347. 
  • Coe, Michael D. (1966). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series, no. 52 (1st ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500050619. OCLC 318157568. 
  • Coe, Michael D. (1980). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series, no. 10 (2st ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500050619. 
  • Coe, Michael D. (1984). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (3st ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500050619. 
  • Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. OCLC 26605966. 
  • Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778. 
  • Defesche, Sacha (2007). W.J. Hanegraaff. ed. 'The 2012 Phenomenon': A historical and typological approach to a modern apocalyptic mythology.. University of Amsterdam.
  • Eberl, Markus; and Christian Prager (2005). "B’olon Yokte’ K’uh: Maya conceptions of war, conflict, and the underworld". In Peter Eeckhout and Geneviève Le Fort (eds.). Wars and Conflicts in Prehispanic Mesoamerica and the Andes: Selected Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Société des Américanistes de Belgique with the Collaboration of Wayeb (European Association of Mayanists), Brussels, 16–17 November 2002. British Archaeological Reports International Series, no. 1385. Oxford, UK: John and Erika Hedges Ltd. pp. 28–36. ISBN 1-84171-706-1. OCLC 254728446. 
  • Edmonson, Munro S.; ed. and trans. (1982). The Ancient Future of the Itza: The Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. The Texas Pan American series (Text of Chilam Balam de Tizimín MS. translated and annotated by Munro S. Edmonson; 1st English trans. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70353-8. OCLC 11318551.  (Yukatek Maya) (English)
  • Edmonson, Munro S. (1988). The Book of the Year: Middle American Calendrical Systems. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-288-1. OCLC 17650412. 
  • Gossen, Gary; and Richard M. Leventhal (1993). "The topography of ancient Maya religious pluralism: a dialogue with the present". In Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson (eds.). Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D.: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 7th and 8 October 1989. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 185–217. ISBN 0-88402-206-4. OCLC 25547151. 
  • Gronemeyer, Sven; and Barbara MacLeod (2010). "What Could Happen in 2012: A Re-Analysis of the 13-Bak'tun Prophecy on Tortuguero Monument 6". Wayeb Notes (European Association of Mayanists) 34: 1–68. ISSN 1379-8286. OCLC 298471525.
  • Hancock, Graham (1995). Fingerprints of the Gods. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 978-051759348. 
  • Hanegraaff, Wouter (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Studies in the histories of religions series (ISSN 0169-8834), no. 72. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10695-2. OCLC 35229227. 
  • Houston, Stephen; and David Stuart (1996). "Of gods, glyphs and kings: divinity and rulership among the Classic Maya". Antiquity (Cambridge, UK: Antiquity Publications) 70 (268): 289–312. ISSN 0003-598X. OCLC 206025348. 
  • Jenkins, John Major (1998). Maya Cosmogenesis 2012: The True Meaning of the Maya Calendar End-Date. Bear and Company. ISBN 978-1879181489. 
  • Jenkins, John Major (2009). The 2012 Story: The Myths, Fallacies, and Truth Behind the Most Intriguing Date in History. Tarcher. ISBN 1585427667. 
  • Luxton, Richard N. (1996). The Book of Chumayel: The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya, 1539–1638. Aegean Park Press. ISBN 0-89412-244-4. 
  • Makemson, Maude Worcester; ed. and trans. (1951). The Book of the Jaguar Priest: a translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin, with commentary. New York: H. Schuman. OCLC 537810. 
  • McKenna, Terence and Dennis (1975). The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens, and the I Ching (1st ed.). Seabury. ISBN 0816492492. 
  • McKenna, Terence and Dennis (1993). The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens, and the I Ching. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062506351. 
  • Meeus, Jean (1997). Ecliptic and galactic equator. Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Richmond, Va: Willmann-Bell. ISBN 9780943396514. OCLC 36126686. 
  • Milbrath, Susan (1999). Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. The Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75225-3. OCLC 40848420. 
  • Miller, Mary; and Karl Taube (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6. OCLC 27667317. 
  • Morley, Sylvanus (1983). The Ancient Maya (4th ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804712883. 
  • Nuttall, Zelia, ed. (1903). The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans, Containing an Account of Their Rites and Superstitions: An Anonymous Hispano-Mexican Manuscript Preserved at the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence, Italy.. Berkeley: University of California. 
  • Pinchbeck, Daniel (2006). 2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl. New York: Tarcher. ISBN 978-1-58542-483-2. OCLC 62421298. 
  • Roys, Ralph (1967). The Book of Chilam Balam of Chuyamel. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 1605068586. 
  • Schele, Linda; and David Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (pbk reprint ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-11204-8. OCLC 145324300. 
  • Schilling, Govert (2008). The Hunt For Planet X: New Worlds and the Fate of Pluto. Springer. ISBN 9780387778044. 
  • Sitler, Robert K. (February 2006). "The 2012 Phenomenon: New Age Appropriation of an Ancient Mayan Calendar". Novo Religio: the Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions (Berkeley: University of California Press) 9 (3): 24–38. doi:10.1525/nr.2006.9.3.024. ISSN 1092-6690. OCLC 357082680. 
  • South, Stephanie (2009). 2012: Biography of a Time Traveler, The Journey of José Argüelles. Franklin Lakes, New Jersey: New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-60163-065-0. 
  • Van Stone, Mark (2008). "It's Not the End of the World: What the Ancient Maya Tell Us About 2012". FAMSI.
  • Voss, Alexander (2006). "Astronomy and Mathematics". In Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 130–143. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
  • Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmography". In Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 280–293. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
  • Waters, Frank (1975). Mexico Mystique: The Coming Sixth World of Consciousness. Chicago, Illinois: Sage Books/Swallow Press. ISBN 0-8040-0663-6. OCLC 1364766. 
  • Wright, Ronald (2005). Stolen Continents: 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas. Mariner. pp. 165–166. ISBN 9780618492404. 
  • York, Michael (1995). The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8000-2. OCLC 31604796. 

Bibliografie

This is an incomplete bibliography of books on the subject of 2012, written from New Age and other points of view:

  • Andrews, Synthia (2008). The Complete Idiot's Guide to 2012. New York, N.Y.: Alpha Books. ISBN 1592578039. 
  • Banks, Gregory Bernard (2009). 2012: Seeking Closure. Stockbridge, GA. ISBN 978-0982436103. 
  • Braden, Gregg et al. (2007). The Mystery of 2012: Predictions, Prophecies and Possibilities. Boulder, Colo.: Sounds True. ISBN 978-1591796114. 
  • Caruson, David (2008). 2013 Oracle: Ancient Keys to the 2012 Awakening. San Francisco: Council Oak Books. ISBN 9781571781949. 
  • Geryl, Patrick; Ratinck, Gino (2001). The Orion Prophecy. Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 9780932813916. 
  • Geryl, Patrick (2008). How to Survive 2012: Tactics and Survival Places for the Coming Pole Shift. Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 978-1931882682. 
  • Pyramid of Fire (2004), Galactic Alignment (2002), Tzolkin (1994), all by John Major Jenkins
  • Jenkins, Philip (2004). Dream Catchers: How Mainstream America Discovered Native Spirituality. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516115-7. OCLC 54074085. 
  • Joseph, Lawrence E. (2007). Apocalypse 2012: A Scientific Investigation Into Civilization's End. New York: Morgan Road Books/Random House. ISBN 978-0767924474. 
  • Melchizedek, Drunvalo (2007). Serpent of Light: Beyond 2012. San Francisco, CA: Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1578634019. 
  • Mercier, Patricia (2008). The Maya End Times: A spiritual adventure to the heart of the Maya prophecies for 2012. London: Watkins. ISBN 978-1905857579. 
  • Osmanagich, Sam (2005) (Online text reproduction). The World of the Maya. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press (Euphrates imprint). ISBN 1-59333-274-2. OCLC 64204367.
  • Peterson, John (2008). A Vision for 2012: Planning for Extraordinary Change. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Pub.. ISBN 978-1555916619. 
  • Pinchbeck, Daniel (2006). 2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl. New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Penguin. ISBN 978-1585424832. 

Linkuri

Acest articol conţine materiale traduse şi adaptate din Wikipedia de Nicolae Sfetcu sub licenţă gratuită GNU.

Adaugă comentariu nou