Politica petrolului

Politica petrolului este un aspect din ce în ce mai important pentru diplomaţia internaţională, odată cu exploatarea petrolului din Orientul Mijlociu începând cu secolul XX. Întrucât competiţia este din ce în ce mai mare pentru aceste resurse limitate dar vitale, strategiile atât ale ţărilor mari cît şi ale celor mici pun un accent important pe extragerea, rafinarea, transportul şi folosirea produselor petroliere.

Politica naţionalizării petrolului

Guvernele din ţările dezvoltate vestice au fost implicate în politicile de naţionalizare a petrolului, folosind diferite tactici pentru a preveni preluarea controlului companiilor de petrol vestice de către regimurile străine în respectivele ţări. Enrique Mosconi, directorul companiei petroliere de stat argentiniene Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF, prima companie petrolieră de stat din lume, înaintea companiei franceze Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP, Compania Franceză a Petrolului), fondată în 1924 de conservatorul Raymond Poincaré), a pledat pentru naţionalizarea petrolului spre finalul anilor 1920 în ţările din America Latină. Aceasta s-a realizat şi în Mexic, în timpul lui Lázaro Cárdenas, prin Expropiación petrolera.

Iran şi Venezuela sunt două importante exemple de intervenţii externe pentru eşuarea proiectelor de naţionalizare. În 1953, premierul iranian Mohammed Mossadegh a fost răsturnat de acţiunea concertată a CIA şi MI6 cunsocută sub numele de Operaţiunea Ajax. Scopul acestei acţiuni era de a preveni naţionalizarea companiei de petrol anglo-iraniene care a devenit mai târziu British Petroleum. La fel în Venezuela, Hugo Chavez a încercat să naţionalizeze petrolul venezuelean în primii ani ai prezidenţiei sale. Hugo Chavez şi-a schimbat rapid politica după eşuarea loviturii de stat din 2002 ca urmare a unor greve şi mari proteste legate de politica sa faţă de PDVSA. Această lovitură de stat a fost susţinută din umbră de guvernele Statelor Unite şi Spaniei, conform argumentaţiei din cartea lui Tariq Ali, Piraţii din Caraibe.

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Linkuri

• Oil, Politics & Bribes
• Peak Oil: Life After the Oil Crash
• Oil in Iraq - Global Policy Forum
• Oil Watch

(Traducere şi adaptare din Wikipedia sub licenţa GNU)

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