The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (Nobel Prize in Economics) has the official name as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences, in the memory of Alfred Nobel.
This year the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Elinor Ostrom"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons", and to Oliver E. Williamson "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm".
This year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Barack Obama "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples". The Nobel Prize Committee said that "His diplomacy is founded in the concept that those who are to lead the world must do so on the basis of values and attitudes that are shared by the majority of the world's population".
This year the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Herta Müller, "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed".
This year the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath, "for studies on the structure and function of the ribosome which showed that the peptidyl transferase was an RNA catalyzed reaction, and for revealing the mechanism of inhibition of this function by antibiotics".
This year the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication" and to Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor".
Laser in fibre
Optical fibers are used in transmitting information by means of pulses of light. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave modulated by information.
This year the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.
Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white)
Pigs, as well as humans, can harbor influenza viruses adapted to other species, allowing the viruses to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain.
